Abbreviations

ACC – Afghan Citizen Card (Pakistan)

ADSP – Asia Displacement Solutions Platform

AVEC – Associations Villageoises d’Epargne et de Crédit (Village Associations of Savings and Credit) (DRC)

BGF – Myanmar army’s border guard force (Myanmar)

BHU – Basic Health Unit (Pakistan)

CAR – Commissionerate for Afghan Refugees (Pakistan)

CNR – National Commission for Refugees

CRRF – Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework

CSO – Community service organisation (Myanmar)

DKBA – Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (Myanmar)

DRC – Democratic Republic of the Congo

EAO – Ethnic armed organisation (Myanmar)

EUAA – European Union Agency for Asylum

FARDC – Armed Forces of the DRC

FGD – Focus group discussion

GCRF – Global Challenges Research Fund

GREC – Groupe de Recherche et d’Etudes stratégiques sur le Congo (DRC)

IDP – Internally displaced person

IGO – Intergovernmental Organisation

INGO – International Non-Governmental Organisation

KII – Key informant interview

KNU – Karen National Union (Myanmar)

MUSO – Mutuelle de Solidarité (the Mutual Society of Solidarity) (DRC)

NADRA – National Database and Registration Authority (Pakistan)

NGO – Non-governmental organisation

NLD – National League for Democracy (Myanmar)

NMSP – New Mon State Party (Myanmar)

OAU – Organisation of African Unity

ODA – Official development assistance

PDE – Protracted Displacement Economies

PDFs – People’s Defence Forces (Myanmar)

PoR – Proof of Registration (Pakistan)

QMUL – Queen Mary University of London

SAC – State Administrative Council (Myanmar)

SAFRON – Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)

TPLF – Tigray People’s Liberation Front (Ethiopia)

UK – United Kingdom

UKRI – UK Research and Innovation

UN – United Nations

UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNWTO – United Nations World Tourism Organization

WFP – World Food Programme

WHO – World Health Organization